In 2020, the moon must be landed four astronauts. Four years after this there will be a fixed base. This is the new official strategy NASA.
The purpose of this strategy to answer several questions, chief among them: "Why are we back to the moon?", "What are we going there" to do? "And the third important aspect of further development of the satellite Earth NASA considers a" lunar architecture "- everything related to the construction of buildings for people and technology.
A group at NASA lunar architecture (Lunar Architecture Team). No definite decision about the home, but NASA has formulated some requirements for it: the location of the astronauts should be energetically autonomous, mobile, closed-loop life support.
The purpose of this article - to form an understanding that questions of space architecture are now relevant. Now exactly the transitional moment, when the theory begins to translate into practice.
Space settlements have their own history of development, while purely theoretical, but had been transferred to the stage of development. But originally it was an incredible idea originated in the minds of science fiction writers.
Its founder was an American priest, Edward Everett Hale. In the years 1869-1870 in the journal "Atlantic" was published in his novel "The Brick Moon." After nine years of Jules Verne "launch" their space station. Circulation of such products grew, but all of these novels were nothing more than a fairy tale for adults, up until KE Tsiolkovsky was not his theory of "essential settlement." Theoretically, Konstantin E., stations were to form a necklace, stretching millions of miles around the sun. Each module is supposed to be built on Earth, and then the missiles to deliver cargo into orbit for final assembly. Tsiolkovsky suggested that weightlessness would be a hindrance to normal life of astronauts, so he suggested formation of gravity to rotate the modules.
In 1929 Noordung released in Berlin on a book titled "The Problem of traveling into space." He proposed the creation of the Earth orbiting observatory to be used as a base for interplanetary missions. Noordunga design consisted of three parts connected by wires and air hoses: Uninhabited station machine with a huge mirror for converting solar energy into electricity; housing "donut" with a diameter of 30 meters, rotating around a central axis; observatory in a cylindrical compartment with lots of windows.
In 1948, the British Smith and Ross designed the station in the form of a huge round mirror on a long handle. The mirror has become part of solar power, and in the fixed handle settled accommodation and piers for the spacecraft.
Theme of "bagel" has become popular among Fibber space settlements. During the Cold War in 1953, military space settlement with a garrison of 300 men offered to build the father of rockets "Fau" Wernher von Braun. This and other fantastic projects can be regarded as the first chapter in the history of the settlements on the surface of the Earth's satellite.
Lunar city, the idea that today was much discussion of American and Japanese scientists, Soviet scientists have designed and ... forgotten. The idea of such city has developed in the 70's. The work was conducted in two directions: Design and construction of the lunar settlement missiles capable of delivering astronauts there and then return them to Earth.
The development of this project gained national significance. Make a project of the lunar settlement instructed CB General Engineering, led by Academician Vladimir Barmin. The first space urban planners have set a task to do mainly scientific settlement, so they took the development of analog terrestrial project - a village of Antarctic expeditions. The project included a sleigh train and direct the settlement. Gradually stood out features of the future campus. Live in it had to "12 astronauts. Residence is ideally approached the shape of railway tank cars. Consulting the power of rockets and safety requirements, found that up to 12 people to nine" tanks "modules.
At the plant "tank" is made shorter, with a metal bellows. On a construction site in an accordion under pressure is the air, took her around, and "tank" almost doubled. Some very large part of the "tank" was supposed to make of the metal with a mechanical memory. Crushed almost into a pancake, such details restore its original shape when heated to 100-120 ° C. A day on the moon 150 ° C. Such metals could find wider application in the world.
Besides the three "tanks" have been allocated for housing premises under the command post, laboratories and storage facilities, shops, clinic and gymnasium, galley with dining area.
In the design took into account the following psychological moment: At long stay of people in isolated conditions from time to time they need privacy. Also, in order to avoid a state of depression, it is necessary to maximize opportunities to diversify the environment of Astronauts. Referred to the project young architects have proposed to install fake windows with changeable scenery and make a TV camera filming the forest outside Moscow that the astronauts saw it during a workout on a stationary bike. For that time it was sensational proposal, which later became widespread on Earth.
One of the most original versions are already in the 90-ies. XX century, offered a physics professor at Princeton University (USA), Gerard O'Neill. It looks like the Earth revolving around the cylinders up to five kilometers in diameter and up to thirty in length. Inside - parks, forests, lakes and rivers. In the water live fish, and on the branches - the birds. Landscaped areas interspersed with windows, "solarium". Cylinder quickly rotates on its axis, creating the inner surface of the necessary gravity. Supported by the Earth's composition of air and atmospheric pressure. Because the end of the cylinder is oriented to the Sun, it seems to be fixed, as on Earth. For light cylinders used mirrors made of aluminum foil. Rotating mirror changes the angle at which sunlight falls on the "valley" that allows you to adjust the length of day and night. In addition, the position of the cylinders themselves can be debugged, so that when one of them will be summer in the other - winter.
There are a number of proposals to develop space of dwellings from the end of their resource module spacecraft. Such blocks are fixed in the regolith, which allows to reduce the radiation level inside the living compartments.
And now once again stepped up development of its kind among U.S. and Japanese scientists. This interest is not romantic and is not intended to show the advantages of a politico-social system over another. Re interested in the moon arose for several reasons. Firstly, it is the economic benefits promised by the development of this heavenly body: On the moon found significant reserves of helium isotope, which would be enough to fully ensure the earth's energy needs for 5,000 years. For comparison: Earth reserves of this element, according to experts, is about 500 kg lunar soil (regolith) for four billion years, incorporates a helium-3, brought by the solar wind. The results of the analysis of lunar soil samples show that in the first five meters of crushed layer of regolith accumulated about a million tons of helium-3.
Projects for the development of lunar expanses are very ambitious. Many countries would like to increase its international prestige by building its base on the Moon. Yes, it is an area with extreme conditions, but that no one occupied the space that has great potential for use. In addition to mining and resources from the depths of the moon, you can add a sort of outpost for launches to Mars. Such flights are also a priority for Space Studies. More profitable to send spaceships to the moon base, as almost all the energy the rocket takes to overcome Earth's gravity, and the efficiency of such transportation is less than a locomotive. Few countries can provide such financial projects, so this kind of research are international. Russia, the spokesman said, "Russian Space Agency," Igor Panarin, pleased to participate in the program of NASA's exploration of the moon, if the Americans will take all the financial problems on themselves.
The history of designing lunar cities can be a starting point for the work of architects in this area. Russia is not financially able to overpower such developments, but there is an opportunity to make an intellectual contribution to such projects. Day of the need to train personnel who will not only consider the technical aspects, but also make proposals on the shaping of future space structures. The fact that there is a need for this, says the establishment of the group at NASA lunar architecture (Lunar Architecture Team). If the designers from other countries want to be in demand during the development of this kind, it is necessary to draw their attention to the lunar architecture, as now in the minds of many questions of space - it's still something fantastic, not taken seriously, something foreign to the architect. In the future it may be the reason that Europe will remain aloof from the advanced developments in design, limiting the role of bystander.
The purpose of this strategy to answer several questions, chief among them: "Why are we back to the moon?", "What are we going there" to do? "And the third important aspect of further development of the satellite Earth NASA considers a" lunar architecture "- everything related to the construction of buildings for people and technology.
A group at NASA lunar architecture (Lunar Architecture Team). No definite decision about the home, but NASA has formulated some requirements for it: the location of the astronauts should be energetically autonomous, mobile, closed-loop life support.
The purpose of this article - to form an understanding that questions of space architecture are now relevant. Now exactly the transitional moment, when the theory begins to translate into practice.
Space settlements have their own history of development, while purely theoretical, but had been transferred to the stage of development. But originally it was an incredible idea originated in the minds of science fiction writers.
Its founder was an American priest, Edward Everett Hale. In the years 1869-1870 in the journal "Atlantic" was published in his novel "The Brick Moon." After nine years of Jules Verne "launch" their space station. Circulation of such products grew, but all of these novels were nothing more than a fairy tale for adults, up until KE Tsiolkovsky was not his theory of "essential settlement." Theoretically, Konstantin E., stations were to form a necklace, stretching millions of miles around the sun. Each module is supposed to be built on Earth, and then the missiles to deliver cargo into orbit for final assembly. Tsiolkovsky suggested that weightlessness would be a hindrance to normal life of astronauts, so he suggested formation of gravity to rotate the modules.
In 1929 Noordung released in Berlin on a book titled "The Problem of traveling into space." He proposed the creation of the Earth orbiting observatory to be used as a base for interplanetary missions. Noordunga design consisted of three parts connected by wires and air hoses: Uninhabited station machine with a huge mirror for converting solar energy into electricity; housing "donut" with a diameter of 30 meters, rotating around a central axis; observatory in a cylindrical compartment with lots of windows.
In 1948, the British Smith and Ross designed the station in the form of a huge round mirror on a long handle. The mirror has become part of solar power, and in the fixed handle settled accommodation and piers for the spacecraft.
Theme of "bagel" has become popular among Fibber space settlements. During the Cold War in 1953, military space settlement with a garrison of 300 men offered to build the father of rockets "Fau" Wernher von Braun. This and other fantastic projects can be regarded as the first chapter in the history of the settlements on the surface of the Earth's satellite.
Lunar city, the idea that today was much discussion of American and Japanese scientists, Soviet scientists have designed and ... forgotten. The idea of such city has developed in the 70's. The work was conducted in two directions: Design and construction of the lunar settlement missiles capable of delivering astronauts there and then return them to Earth.
The development of this project gained national significance. Make a project of the lunar settlement instructed CB General Engineering, led by Academician Vladimir Barmin. The first space urban planners have set a task to do mainly scientific settlement, so they took the development of analog terrestrial project - a village of Antarctic expeditions. The project included a sleigh train and direct the settlement. Gradually stood out features of the future campus. Live in it had to "12 astronauts. Residence is ideally approached the shape of railway tank cars. Consulting the power of rockets and safety requirements, found that up to 12 people to nine" tanks "modules.
At the plant "tank" is made shorter, with a metal bellows. On a construction site in an accordion under pressure is the air, took her around, and "tank" almost doubled. Some very large part of the "tank" was supposed to make of the metal with a mechanical memory. Crushed almost into a pancake, such details restore its original shape when heated to 100-120 ° C. A day on the moon 150 ° C. Such metals could find wider application in the world.
Besides the three "tanks" have been allocated for housing premises under the command post, laboratories and storage facilities, shops, clinic and gymnasium, galley with dining area.
In the design took into account the following psychological moment: At long stay of people in isolated conditions from time to time they need privacy. Also, in order to avoid a state of depression, it is necessary to maximize opportunities to diversify the environment of Astronauts. Referred to the project young architects have proposed to install fake windows with changeable scenery and make a TV camera filming the forest outside Moscow that the astronauts saw it during a workout on a stationary bike. For that time it was sensational proposal, which later became widespread on Earth.
One of the most original versions are already in the 90-ies. XX century, offered a physics professor at Princeton University (USA), Gerard O'Neill. It looks like the Earth revolving around the cylinders up to five kilometers in diameter and up to thirty in length. Inside - parks, forests, lakes and rivers. In the water live fish, and on the branches - the birds. Landscaped areas interspersed with windows, "solarium". Cylinder quickly rotates on its axis, creating the inner surface of the necessary gravity. Supported by the Earth's composition of air and atmospheric pressure. Because the end of the cylinder is oriented to the Sun, it seems to be fixed, as on Earth. For light cylinders used mirrors made of aluminum foil. Rotating mirror changes the angle at which sunlight falls on the "valley" that allows you to adjust the length of day and night. In addition, the position of the cylinders themselves can be debugged, so that when one of them will be summer in the other - winter.
There are a number of proposals to develop space of dwellings from the end of their resource module spacecraft. Such blocks are fixed in the regolith, which allows to reduce the radiation level inside the living compartments.
And now once again stepped up development of its kind among U.S. and Japanese scientists. This interest is not romantic and is not intended to show the advantages of a politico-social system over another. Re interested in the moon arose for several reasons. Firstly, it is the economic benefits promised by the development of this heavenly body: On the moon found significant reserves of helium isotope, which would be enough to fully ensure the earth's energy needs for 5,000 years. For comparison: Earth reserves of this element, according to experts, is about 500 kg lunar soil (regolith) for four billion years, incorporates a helium-3, brought by the solar wind. The results of the analysis of lunar soil samples show that in the first five meters of crushed layer of regolith accumulated about a million tons of helium-3.
Projects for the development of lunar expanses are very ambitious. Many countries would like to increase its international prestige by building its base on the Moon. Yes, it is an area with extreme conditions, but that no one occupied the space that has great potential for use. In addition to mining and resources from the depths of the moon, you can add a sort of outpost for launches to Mars. Such flights are also a priority for Space Studies. More profitable to send spaceships to the moon base, as almost all the energy the rocket takes to overcome Earth's gravity, and the efficiency of such transportation is less than a locomotive. Few countries can provide such financial projects, so this kind of research are international. Russia, the spokesman said, "Russian Space Agency," Igor Panarin, pleased to participate in the program of NASA's exploration of the moon, if the Americans will take all the financial problems on themselves.
The history of designing lunar cities can be a starting point for the work of architects in this area. Russia is not financially able to overpower such developments, but there is an opportunity to make an intellectual contribution to such projects. Day of the need to train personnel who will not only consider the technical aspects, but also make proposals on the shaping of future space structures. The fact that there is a need for this, says the establishment of the group at NASA lunar architecture (Lunar Architecture Team). If the designers from other countries want to be in demand during the development of this kind, it is necessary to draw their attention to the lunar architecture, as now in the minds of many questions of space - it's still something fantastic, not taken seriously, something foreign to the architect. In the future it may be the reason that Europe will remain aloof from the advanced developments in design, limiting the role of bystander.
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